Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers a Risk or Benefit

Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers A Risk or a Benefit Ariana Laguna English 102 Professor Barnes/Walter 10 December 2012 Outline THESIS: Unless the risks of cell phones are shown to outweigh the benefits, we should not restrict their use in moving vehicles: instead, we should educate the public about the dangers of driving while phoning and prosecute irresponsible phone users under laws on negligent and reckless driving. I. Scientific studies havent proved a link between use of cell phones and traffic accidents. A. A study by Redelmeier and Tibshirani was not conclusive, as the researchers themselves have admitted. B. Most states do not keep records on accidents caused by driver distractions. C. In a survey of†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, most states do not keep adequate records on the number of times phones are a factor in accidents. As of December 2000, only ten states were trying to keep such records (Sundeen 2). In addition, currently there is little scientific evidence comparing the use of cell phones with other driver distractions: fiddling with the radio, smoking, eating, putting on makeup, shaving, and so on. Alasdair Cain and Mark Burries of the Center Urban Transportation Research surgery research on the cell phone issue as of 1999 and concluded that there is no nationally-accredited document to prove the connection between mobile phone use and traffic accidents. Becaus e research results have been so inconclusive, it makes sense to wait before passing laws that might well be unnecessary. Weighting risks and benefits In 2000, researchers at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis found that the risk of driving while phoning were small compared with other driving risks. Whereas the cell phone users chance of dying are about 6 in a million per year, someone not wearing a seat belt has a risk of 49.3 per million, and someone driving a small car has a risk of 14.5 per million (3). Because of this comparatively small risk regulation of phones may not be worth the coast of the legislation as well as the additional burden such legislation would put on lawShow MoreRelatedCell Phones in the Hands of Drivers:1096 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phones in the Hands of Drivers: A Risk or a Benefit? As of 2000, there were about ninety million cell phone users in the United States, with 85% of them using their phones while on the road (Sundeen 1). Because of evidence that cell phones impair drivers by distracting them, some states have considered laws restricting their use in moving vehicles. Proponents of legislation correctly point out that using phones while driving can be dangerous. The extent of the danger, however, is a matterRead More Using Mobile Phones While Driving is Risky Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pages Mobile phone use in motor vehicles has increased at a remarkable rate over the past 15 years. Yet it is undeniable that utilizing a cell phone while driving can affect driver performance as it relates to the overall safe operation of a vehicle. There are a number of things to consider in deciding whether the trade off in convenience is worth the potential risks associated with the distraction created by a cell phone. Given the fact that the individual driver (and/or business owner) ultimatelyRead MoreRelationship Between Driving Performance And Participating1584 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipating in secondary tasks while operating a vehicle. The extracted data was used to compile the information used to create recommendations for policy makers regarding cell phone use while driving. A comparison and contrast of the research results regarding cognitive abilities affected, while distracted during cell phone use is provided. Additionally, based on gaps in current research, a description of the variables, populations, and situations for future research is addressed herein. GeneratingRead MoreDangers Of Texting And Driving1361 Words   |  6 Pagesand Driving Drivers should not be able to use their hand held cell phones while in a moving vehicle. Too many teens and young adults are being killed each year in texting and driving related accidents. Teens and young adults must be educated about the effects, benefits and laws of texting and driving in order to keep adults and teens safe while driving a vehicle. Cell phones should not be in use inside a vehicle while it is moving. There are a lot of benefits to using the cell phones in teen’s vehicleRead MoreWhy Driving and Cell Phones Do Not Mix Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageson a cell phone while driving is careless and extremely dangerous not only to the driver but also to others to others driving on the road as well. Cell phones cause distraction while trying to drive, and people are no longer just talking on their cell phones, they are also text messaging, and surfing the worldwide web. 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But there are many downsides that aren’t as obvious. Cell phones, no matter how useful, still pose many hazards to our health such as: distracting us from other tasks and affecting our bodies. The everyday use of cell phones has many negative effects on individuals and society. Cell phones affect people in many physical ways. There have been manyRead MoreCell Phone Dangers While Driving1046 Words   |  5 PagesCell-Phone Dangers While Driving Introduction Today, we use our cell phones for just about anything and everything to include; texting, talking to our loved ones, and connecting with the rest of the world via social media. Cell phones have become a natural way of life to where we pick up our phones and use them like second nature. However, the dangers present themselves when we get behind the wheel of a car and carry these habits of cell phone addictions with us. If all states ban the use of cellRead MoreThe Banning Texting While Driving1463 Words   |  6 PagesMany states prohibit texting while driving. In fact, laws have been established that prevent drivers from using their cell phone unless it is an emergency. About 73% of drivers say it is easy to text and drive, however 1.3 million car crashes are caused by texting and driving. An effort to band texting and driving in Texas is at limbo in the Senate and was one vote shy of having enough members agree to bring it to the floor. (Tinsley 1) Senator Judith Zaffirini, D-Lared o states that they are so veryRead MoreDistracted Driving: A Menace to Safety Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesVanderbilt; it’s clear that distracted driving puts drivers and passengers at significant risk, yet laws are only now starting to appear concerning the issue, and it’s not yet culturally unacceptable. The fact that distracted driving poses a significant risk is undisputable. According to Janet Froetscher, president and CEO of the National Safety Council, â€Å"driver inattention causes 80% of crashes† (Politico). Texting requires at least one hand to be removed from the steering wheel, as well as the

Decision Making Classification Of Terms Of Art And Science

From CH7; 2. I would say that decision making should be considered as a combination of both science and art as it basically involves scientific logic implementations along with the facts as well as creative and psychological abilities of every individual. Besides, it also includes methodology, philosophy and theory which are primarily required for reporting highly important decisions in a righteous manner. I would like to describe in detail about decision making classification in terms of art and science. As an art: Improving individual’s performance is the key to master the art of decision making as it is a specific skill which is received, sharpened and mastered by an individual. In practical terms, every individual can check or examine mistakes that have been significantly made in the past when they completely understand the basic and important elements of a clever and smooth decision. On the other hand, every individual can make the best choices for decisions to get better outputs/results when they know the hidden or unexpressed constituents of social and economic elements that majorly influence decision making. As a science: According to science, to attain the possible outcomes few logical steps should be required for decision making, they are; - Objectives which need to be classified and placed in terms of order importance, should be fixed or established firstly. - Secondly, alternative actions that are evaluated against all the objectives should be implementedShow MoreRelatedData Mining Of Big Data1646 Words   |  7 PagesBig Data Vishesh Shukla Department of Computer Science University of Technology and Management Shillong, India shukla.vishesh07@gmail.com Saurav Utkarsh Department of Computer Science University of Technology and Management Shillong, India saurav.utkarsh@stu.utm.ac.in Sahil Mittal Department of Computer Science University of Technology and Management Shillong, India tousif.raza@stu.utm.ac.in Abhishek Kumar Department of Computer Science University of Technology and Management Shillong, IndiaRead MoreComputer Network And The World Wide Web System1653 Words   |  7 Pagesour live to interact with data because we are actually living in an age of the data. There are Terabytes or petabytes (1) of data flow into the computer network, the World Wide Web (WWW) and several data storage every day from business, society, science and engineering, and almost every other aspect of daily life. This huge growth of existing data is a result of computerization of the society and the fast growth of powerful data collection and storage tool. 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There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic,  social, business,  marketing,  practitioner research, etc. TYPES OF RESEARCH * Historical Research – a systematic process of searching for information and fact to describe analyze or interpret the past. * Value – can provide prospective for decision making about current problems * Sources – most common sources are past records Read MoreTen Schools of Thoughts of Strategic Management1641 Words   |  7 Pagespre-screen the facts and they can judge the crafted strategies. Control. Limitations: Strategy can become too static. The risk exists of Groupthink. Predicting is difficult. Top managers must create the strategy from an ivory tower. Strategy is partly an art. Typical / compare: Theory of Mechanistic and Organic Systems | Parenting Styles | Levers of Control | Scenario Planning 3. The Positioning School. 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Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes Free Essays

Subject : Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes There are many different factors which could afect the buying behaviour of the consumers when it comes to fashion and clothing. There are two types of behaviour,the individual type which depends on the individuals tastes and the environmantal type which depends on culture and society. We also bare in mind that most of the people we cater for, range from an age of 15 to and age of 30 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes or any similar topic only for you Order Now As i mentioned previously culture is a very important factor when it comes to the production of clothes and fashion and we are very aware of it since our company is situated in india. Even now with the idea of globilization in today’s young people’s minds, there is still a tendency to follow the country’s tradition or habbits which changes the buying behaviour of our potential customers drastically. Therefore we have to cater and adapt to the country’s traditions and wants. It would be a big mistake to try and sell clothes that go against these people’s culture or religion, because they simply won’t buy them. But this dosent mean that we shouldn’t produce clothes that go against these peoples culture since in the country there is a certain percentage of people not following this culture or same tradition. This percentage is called the sub-culture which is very important for our company. As a fashion clothing design company we should keep in mind gender. Nowadays gender are more or less equal so it is important to balance the stock we have for both sexes. Age is also important as i mentioned above. We must cater for the majority age group. Lifestyles also shouldn’t be neglected. this area is extremely important when it comes to producing clothing. Since our main market are students there are two factors which influence their lifestyle. One influence are the reference groups and aspiration groups. A good example of these are famous people known to these students like singers or actors. These people manage to introduce any kind of fashion ranging from all sorts of weird fashion back to old fashioned ways of dressing. Therefore its hard but important to keep up to date wit these changes in fashion so that we can supply our customers with what they want. Another influence is family. Many times students are represented by the parents but its not that common anymore. Its more likely that they are represented by an older brother or sister. Social classes are very important to look at when producing clothes. In a country one finds different social classes and therefore there is a choice. We either cater for all the different classes or choose the class which has the majority of potential buyers. For example the Upper social class are more likely to buy a classic neet shirt or trousers whilst the middle social class would be happy wit a T-shirt and a pair non classy trousers, for example jeans. But since we are catering for a group of people who are students they are more likely to buy new fashion so we have to satisfy their needs buy selling them what they want like the latest fashion at a price that can satisfy their income. Another factor that i think should be mentioned is the marketing effort shown by the employees for hight customer recognition. If this is done it puts a vital good light on our brand and outlet. They should do their best to please the customer so that the customer gets a good impression and leaves the shop satisfied. All the factors mentioned above are very important and should be followed up to obtain a higher sales volume. They should be researched and examined and also kept up to date as much as possible. If this is done the company will have great success not only with its present customers but also with new ones to come. How to cite Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes, Papers

Is There Another Earth Out There Essay Example For Students

Is There Another Earth Out There? Essay Is There Another Earth Out There?(adopted from an article by Guillermo Gonzalez, Donald Brownlee and Peter D. Ward, Refugees for Life in a Hostile Universe, Scientific American, October 2001) Is there life on other planets? Science has been trying to answer this question for a long time. In the article, the authors argue that it is highly improbable that complex life forms exist in our galaxy. To quote the authors: â€Å"Researchers are now casting a skeptical eye on musings about the prevalence of intelligent life throughout the Milky Way†. Furthermore, according to the article, not only may most of the solar system be unfriendly to multi-cellular or complex organisms, the same may be true of much of the galaxy. In fact, in recent years, astronomers have gained an appreciation of just how deadly our galaxy can be, filled as it is with exploding stars, radiation, and stellar close encounters. We will write a custom essay on Is There Another Earth Out There? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Creating a Hospitable PlanetHow does one determine the hospitality of a planet? Within a given planetary system, astronomers describe the optimal locations for life in terms of the cicumstellar habitable zone (CHZ). The CHZ is generally considered to be a region around a star where liquid water can persist on the surface of an Earth-like planet for at least a few billion years. In 1999, there was a proposed concept of a galactic equivalent to the CHZ: the galactic habitable zone (GHZ). The GHZ defines the most hospitable places in the Milky Way-those that are neither too close nor too far from the galactic center. The boundaries of the galactic habitable zone are set by two requirements: a). the availability of material to build a habitable planet and b). adequate seclusion from cosmic threats. a. In order for a planet to be created, sufficient building material must exist. Interestingly, metals are the building blocks of Earth-like planets. In fact, the abundance of metals affects t he size of the planets that can form. Size, in turn, determines whether a planet can retain an atmosphere and sustain geologic activity. The abundance of metals is measured by metallicy-the ratio of the number of metal atoms to the number of hydrogen atoms. Particularly, the lower the metallicy of a planet, the lower is the abundance of metals. In fact, without enough metals, large planets can not form at all. On the other hand, too high of a metallicity can also be a problem. High metallicity increases the density of the protoplanetary disk and therefore induces the giant planets to shift position. The result of such shift is that such planet will throw any smaller, Earth-like bodies out of the system all together or push them into the sun. b. Metallicy is not enough to determine hospitality of a planet. To contain life, a planet must also be kept reasonable safe from outside threats, such as the impact of asteroids and comets. Blasts of radiation also present a problem. Until a ce rtain point, a planet’s magnetic field can fend off most particle radiation and its ozone layer can screen out dangerous electromagnetic radiation. However, sufficiently energetic radiation can ionize the atmosphere and generate nitrogen oxides in amounts capable of wiping out the ozone layer. Energetic radiation hitting the atmosphere can also let loose a deadly rain of secondary particles. Effects on EarthIn many ways, the Milky Way is unusually hospitable: a disk galaxy with orderly orbits, comparatively little dangerous activity (comets and asteroids) and plenty of metals. Earth satisfies the requirement for optimal metallicity. The mix of land and sea on Earth is important for atmospheric temperature control and other processes. In our solar system, the frequency of asteroid impact depends on the details of Jupiter’s orbit and formation; the rest of the galaxy has no direct effect. As far as radiation is concerned, the nucleus of the Milky Way is currently relativ ely inactive. To quote the author: â€Å"If our ideas about the GHZ are correct, we live within an especially comfortable region of the Milky Way. Any civilization seeking a new world would, no doubt, place our solar system on their home-shopping list†. .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .postImageUrl , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:hover , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:visited , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:active { border:0!important; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:active , .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39 .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ec6c25cefe18b362ab35a85501caf39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiv & Multiple Bereavement Syndrome EssayThe Possibility of Life on Other PlanetsGiven the above factors, can one determine if there is life on other planets? According to the article, such can be determined. The outlook on the possibility of extra-terrestrial life, however, is weak. Various reasons exist for author’s opinion. The authors argue that only part of the Milky Way satisfies the requirement of optimal metallicity. Taking into account the disk metallicity, rough limits can be placed on the GHZ both in space and in time. In fact, few planets in our galaxy satisfy the requirement for optimal metallicity. The broad universe looks even less inviting than our g alaxy. About 80 percent of stars in the local universe reside in galaxies that are less luminous than Milky Way. Because the average metallicity of a galaxy correlates with its luminosity, entire galaxies could be deficient in Earth-size planets. As far as cosmic threats are concerned, the cometary threat is very sensitive to the galactic environment. The frequency of comet perturbation depends on the position in the Milky Way. As one goes toward the galactic center, the density of starts increases, so there are more close encounters. Comets are thought to reside in two long-term reservoirs: the Kuiper belts and the Oort cloud. Other stars probably have similar retinues. All this suggests that complex life form is rare in the galaxy. The inner regions of our galaxy suffer from orbital instabilities, radiation bursts, and cometary perturbations. The outer regions are safer, but because of the lower metallicity, terrestrial planets are typically smaller there. Another effect concerns the dynamics of stars in a galaxy. Stars in elliptical galaxies have randomized orbits and are therefore more likely to frequent their more dangerous central positions. Thus, as this paper has described, life on other planets is highly improbable. The authors attempted to explain why, in their opinion, it is difficult for complex life forms to exist in the universe. So for now, extra-terrestrials will remain in science-fiction stories. Interstellar travelers in books will continue to visit exotic locales in the Milky Way and meet with interesting aliens. As far as reality is concerned, however, the question of extra-terrestrial life still remains unanswered. Astronomy Essays

Legal Protection For Minorities Essay Example For Students

Legal Protection For Minorities? Essay Do you think that special interest groups such as homosexuals, women, and other minorities need special constitutional amendments to protect them from discrimination? Explain. Whenever this subject is brought up it usually brings a lot of controversy with it. I am one of many I am sure who is torn when it comes to discussing the rights of minority groups. Although I dont feel that any specific group deserves special protection over another group; I do feel that all groups of people deserve equal protection under the law regardless of race, nationality, religion, political views, gender, disability, or sexual orientation. Most all of these minority groups are protected under the law but one that isnt are gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Employment discrimination is the most common complaint received by the American Civil Liberties Union from gays and lesbians. As of mid-1996, Americans can be legally fired from their jobs simply because of their sexual orientation in 41 states. That number is still the same to this very day. A study showed that gays earned from 11 to 17% less and lesbians earn 5 to 14% less than the national average. The American Civil Liberties Union claims that the only thing close to a representative survey suggests that lesbians and gay men generally earn less than their heterosexual counterparts. But even if the average homosexual earned more than the average heterosexual, there would still be many gays and lesbians discriminated against in employment, and in need of legal protection of some sort. When the first civil rights bill to follow the US civil war was debated in Congress, it was criticized for granting special rights to Afro-Americans. When the Civil Rights Act was debated in 1964, it was criticized because it would attack individual freedom of choice in hiring. But it passed. It guaranteed protection against discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, gender, national origin, and disability. But the Civil rights Act gave no protection for people on the basis of sexual orientation. As of October 1998, only 12 states in the US had passed civil rights legislation protecting homosexual worker. This means that in 80% of the states, an employer is perfectly within their rights to fire (or refuse to hire, or refuse to promote) an employee solely because of their sexual orientation. This puts heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexuals all at risk of being fired. A bill was introduced in the mid 1970s which would do for gays and lesbians what it had done for Afro-Americans, and women and others. It went nowhere. Another version of the bill was presented to congress in 1994. It was called the Employment Non-Discrimination Act or ENDA. It was supported by President. Clinton, and reintroduced in September of 1996 with the backing of the House and Senate Democratic minority leaders. The bill was characterized by conservative Republicans as controversial, immoral, and un-American. Although it made it to the Senate it was not passed, and would not have had a chance at all in the house. Homosexuality, though not supported by many Americans, is a way of life; and no reason for someone to be legally discriminated against under United States law. America is supposed to be a land of equal opportunity; not a land of equal opportunity for everyone except those who lead lifestyles different than ours. Social Issues Essays

World Com Ethics free essay sample

What are the ethical problems faced by Betty Vinson, a CPA and Director of WorldCom’s Management and Reporting Division? Betty Vinson has a reputation as a hardworking, loyal employee who would do â€Å"anything you told her†. Problem came on October 2000, when the company profits had went down and her boss, Buford Yates, Jr.Director of General Accounting ask her and another manager Normand to release $828 million of line accruals into the income statement. This proposal is ethically wrong so the ethical dilemma is to obey the orders from her boss or not and to know the consequences for the choices she make. If she does according to what her boss says, the company revenue will continue to be positive and therefore the company market value will continue to rise and it will maintain as one of the biggest companies in the stock market. The whole company from the top management to the lower level worker will continue to receive income for the time being until the fraud is revealed. We will write a custom essay sample on World Com Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This action will be unethical and the consequences are, firstly, she might be placed in court and put to jail if caught. Secondly, her guilt might haunt her even if she is not caught. Thirdly, she might lose her reputation if she got caught and might not be able to find another job. Fourthly, if she is put to jail, her family will meet not only financial problems but also emotional problems like, her children might ask â€Å"why is mummy in jail? † and her children might even be looked down on because of what she had done. Fifthly, her husband, parents, relatives and friends might leave or despise her because of her unethical act. Sixthly, her husband’s friends might look down on him because his unethical wife. Seventhly, her husband, parents, relatives and friends might be ashamed and they might be looked down by their friends too. On top of that if the fraud is revealed, the reputation of the whole company WorldCom might be destroyed and might even be forced to close down and all the people in the company and the customers the company serves or have relation with might blame her for their lost. If she reject the proposal and do what is ethical. The consequences are, firstly, she might lose her career that she had build up for 4 years and because it is in the midst of an economic downturn, there is a also a chance that she might not be able to find another job in her age. This will affect her family income and so might in turn affect her children education, her family spending budget. What are the ethical problems faced by Cynthia Cooper, a CPA and manager of Internal Audit at WorldCom? Cynthia Cooper is a strong-willed woman and she was the head of the 24 member internal audit department. CFO Sullivan asked Myers to restrict the scope of Cooper’s enquires. March 2002, Cooper’s team received a complained from the head of the wireless business unit for about a $400 million accrual in his business for expected future cash payments and bad debt expenses that had been transferred away to push up the company’s earnings. Sullivan and Arthur Anderson auditors had supported the transfer and when she approached Anderson, Anderson partner assures her that what they did is just aggressive accounting entries and will not explain to her the details unless it was a direct order from Sullivan. Cooper then brought the issue to WorldCom’s audit committee but was told by Sullivan to stay away from the wireless business unit. At this point, Cooper had a dilemma, whether to continue to investigate or just drop the case as both Sullivan and Anderson had already supported this transfer. If she chooses to continue the investigation, she might lose her job as a director of internal audit which might affect her financial wealth. Secondly, finding a job in the economic down turn during that time could be hard and maybe harder for her age. Thirdly, there might be financial problem taking care of her 8 month old daughter and her family. Fourthly, even if she continues to investigation, and she is right that there is a fraud with the accounting, there might not be enough evidence to charge Sullivan and he might then take revenge on her and maybe also on her family after he is release as innocent. Fifthly, if she continues to investigate and if there is actually nothing wrong with the accounts, she could be dismissed or even sued. If she chooses to drop the case, she will not be acting her responsibility as a director of internal audit. If it is found out that it is truly a fraud, she might be blamed for not fulfilling her duties and be charged in court and maybe dismissed. Secondly, her conscience might haunt her. Thirdly, her reputation might be affected and so will her career and she might not be able to find a job after that. Fourthly, her family, relatives and friends might despise or leave her. This might affect her emotionally and might in turn affect her children too. Fifthly, the people in the company or related to the company that lost their job or earning might blame her for their lost. Question 2 To me, moral courage means taking up the necessary responsibilities to do or say what is true and right even in the midst of difficult situations, placing the responsibilities and the beliefs of one’s profession on top of self interest. On top of that, I think moral courage also have different levels, the lower level of moral courage is to quit when you know that there is something wrong. The higher level of moral courage is not only personally doing the right thing but also make others do the right thing. An example of someone that does not practice moral courage is Betty Vinson. She is the Director of management reporting, her responsibility is to check and to report the sales and income statement accounting to the management and also to the society as accurately as possible. In this case, we could see that she knows that it is unethical to make the adjustments on the accounts so she told her boss that the proposal was â€Å"not good accounting†. She could have exhibit moral courage by telling her boss that this is unethical or illegal and tell him that this should not be done but she did not. Yates continues to emphasise that David Myers, Controller told him that it is a one-time problem which in a way decreases the risk and unethical one feels and Vinson in the end give in and agreed to the proposal. If she exhibit moral courage she could have rejected and the worst quit but she did not. What she might not have thought about is that this is a point of no turning back. She is practicing cultural ethical relativism as there are no true standard ethical practices in the company. This is found as there is no set of corporate code of conduct as Bernard Ebbers, CEO called it a colossal waste of time. On top of that the corporate culture of the company is basically â€Å"do as you are told with no questions asked†. After Vinson did what was proposed, she was overwhelmed by her guilt and she planned to resign which indicates that she is thinking more individual ethical relativism than cultural ethical relativism. If she had a lower level moral courage, she would quit immediately or if she had a higher level moral courage, she could gather evidences and then sue Sullivan and Ebbers and turn herself in but she did not. When Ebbers heard about the accountants’ concern, he told Myers that the accountants would not be placed in this situation again. Following that, a few days later, Scott Sullivan, CFO told Vinson and Normand basically that we are on the same plane, if Vinson was to quit, the plane will crash and we will all die so Sullivan asked Vinson and Normand to stay till the plane lands which means when the business is back on making good profit. Sullivan also assured them that they were doing nothing illegal and that he would take full responsibility for their actions. What Ebbers and Sullivan did was to convince Vinson to stay and to continue to practice cultural ethical relativism and lessen her guilt. Firstly, Ebbers told Vinson that they will not be ask to do this again and this is an assurance from the CEO. If she stays, personally she will continue to get income for her family and this is very important to her as she earns about $40,000 more yearly compensation than her husband. On top of that she is also worried finding a job in the middle-age worker with the comparable compensation. Secondly, Sullivan, CFO have a reputation of â€Å"whiz kid† so when Sullivan says that it is not illegal, Vinson started to doubt at her worries and on top of that Sullivan says he will take full responsibility for her actions. Therefore, it seems like there is more reasons for Vinson to continue to stay then to quit and so she remain in the company. If she had moral courage, she would place the responsibilities of her profession on top of self interest, which is to report the true accounting and place one’s interest aside. She placed self interest first. On April 2001, again the similar situation occurs and this time it is an even more unethical than the first as it included forging dates so as to hide the adjustments made. This was the situation Ebbers said will not happened again, but he lied. Vinson knew that what she did was wrong but because she went through the first dilemma without being caught and with her personal reasons and assurance from the CEO and CFO, and her hope that it is the last and she could see the light at the end of the tunnel soon, she decided follow the orders and practiced yet again the cultural ethical relativism and ignore her individual ethical relativism and her conscience. Her guilt eventually had its toll on her and she hoped each time that it would be last faded but as she received a promotion and a raise to roughly $80,000 she decided to continue. Until Spring 2002, when she decided to quit but was much too late. All these while, if she had moral courage, she would place the responsibilities of her profession on top of self interest, which is to report the true accounting and place one’s interest aside but she placed self interest first. An example of someone that practices high level of moral courage is Cynthia Cooper, a CPA and manager of Internal Audit at WorldCom. Her responsibility is to check the accounts of the company and report to the society whether the accounts have a true and fair view. In the WorldCom case, Cooper had a dilemma, whether to continue to investigate or just drop the case as both Sullivan and Anderson had already supported the accounts. There are many consequences if she continues to investigate, she might lose her job which in turn might affect her financial wealth and she might have problem finding a job for her age, during the economic downturn after the dot com bubble burst. She chose to continue to investigate which shows that she had the moral courage to stand up against what is wrong. She practices individual ethical relativism of doing what is true and right than to practice cultural ethical relativism which is not to question the higher manager, Sullivan. Knowing that it is difficult to obtain the necessary evidence to find who lead the fraud and who did the fraud, she and her team continued to exhibit high level of moral courage by searching for the evidences. Finally, in June 2002, they had discovered $3 billion in questionable expenses and the fraud is revealed and the wrong was corrected.

10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write

10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write 10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write 10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write By Ali Hale How long do you need to write? We often think its not worth sitting down and starting a piece unless we have a whole afternoon clear – but even finding a spare hour can sometimes seem impossible. Try thinking differently about the time you need to write: one ten-minute session, six days a week, adds up to an hour. That could be a blog post, a scene of a novel, a poem, the outline of a new book proposal Heres ten ways to find at least ten minutes to write, ways you can reclaim annoying â€Å"lost† time and put it to good use. However busy you are, you can manage one of these today: 1. Write first thing in the morning Create an extra ten minutes in your day by setting your alarm early: get up, grab your notebook (or switch on your laptop) and sneak in ten minutes of writing while everyone else is still asleep. 2. Write on the train If you get the train (or bus, or tube) to work or school, write on the way. Some trains and coaches have power sockets for your laptop, but all you really need is a pad of paper and a pen. 3. Write while youre standing in line Next time you get stuck in a long line at the post office or bank, whip out your notebook and start scribbling down a few ideas for your next piece of writing. 4. Write during a coffee break Your coffee break (or morning break at school) can be a great way to find ten spare minutes. If you’ve got access to a computer and email, try writing a paragraph of your latest project – then email it to yourself so you can easily cut-and-paste it later. 5. Write in a boring meeting or lecture Stuck in a dull meeting or lecture? Instead of daydreaming, work on your writing: if you’ve got a laptop, type away, or just write on paper. It’ll look like you’re paying attention to the speaker and taking copious notes†¦ 6. Write in your lunch hour Make a point of taking your lunch hour rather than working straight through, and use this time to get some writing done. Even if you have to go and buy a sandwich, you should be able to find ten minutes spare to write. 7. Write in the car When the traffic jam in front of you stretches for miles, rejoice! Get your notebook out, and start writing. And if you’re lucky enough to have a traffic-free commute, end your journey by sitting in the car park for ten minutes, writing away. 8. Write while youre waiting There are always times in the day when youll end up hanging around, waiting for someone else. Whether it’s sitting in reception at the dentist’s surgery, waiting for the kids to get ready, or waiting for your partner to get home, use those few minutes to write. 9. Write while dinners cooking It takes ten minutes for pasta or rice to cook – so why not take your notebook or laptop into the kitchen and finish a couple of paragraphs while dinner’s cooking? You can keep an eye on the food, and your family won’t interrupt if they know you’re cooking for them†¦ 10. Write in the advert breaks Balance your laptop on your knees and write furiously in every advert break whilst watching television. During the course of an hour-long show, you’ll see at least ten minutes of ads. Plenty of time to finish off your piece! Where could you find ten more minutes in the day to write? How can you reclaim some â€Å"lost† time to your advantage? Tell us about it in the comments†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationIf I Was vs. If I Were